segunda-feira, 10 de novembro de 2025
Acumulação, Finanças e Demanda Efetiva em Marx, Keynes e Kalecki - Anwar Shaikh
sábado, 8 de novembro de 2025
12. Macroeconomia Moderna: Auge e Declínio (Anwar Shaikh)
SHAIKH, Anwar. Capitalism: Competition, Conflict, Crises. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Macroeconomics as the aggregate consequences of individual actions
2. Central tendencies versus idealized worlds
3. Macroeconomics, emergent properties, and turbulent laws
4. Neoclassical macroeconomics and representative agents
5. Ten critical issues in macroeconomic analysis
i. Microeconomic features need not carry over
ii. Macro has always grounded itself in micro behavior
iii. Many micro foundations are consistent with some given macro pattern
iv. Notion of turbulent equalization requires corresponding tools
v. Temporal dimensions differ: Fast and slow processes
vi. Growth is the normal state
vii. Expectations, actuals, and fundamentals are reflexively related
viii. Real competition implies downward sloping demand curves
ix. Real competition does not imply continuous market clearing
x. Say’s Law and the split in the classical tradition on external demand and neutrality of money
6. Accounting for aggregate demand, supply, and capacity
i. Ex ante three balances
ii. Ex post balances
iii. Equilibrium balances
iv. Time dimensions
v. Basic savings–investment relation
vi. Output and capacity
vii. Normal capacity utilization does not imply Say’s Law
II. PRE-KEYNESIAN MACROECONOMICS
1. The displacement of classical economics by neoclassical economics
2. Walrasian roots of neoclassical economics
3. Pre-Keynesian neoclassical orthodoxy
i. Core orthodox propositions attacked by Keynes
ii. The neoclassical argument on full employment supply
iii. The neoclassical argument on aggregate demand and the interest rate
III. KEYNES’S BREAKTHROUGH
1. Keynes’s practical experience after World War I
2. Keynes’s new formulation
i. Production takes time so ruled by expected profit
ii. Aggregate demand has autonomous components
iii. Savings adjusts to investment
iv. Derivation of the investment–savings relation and the multiplier
v. Effects of profitability and interest rates on level of output
3. The Hicksian IS–LM representation of Keynesian economics
4. The rise and fall of Keynesian theory and policy
5. The rise and fall of the IS–LM/Phillips-Curve model
IV. THE RETURN OF NEO-WALRASIAN ECONOMICS
1. Monetarism
i. The old Quantity Theory of Money
ii. The new Quantity Theory of Money
iii. Friedman on the Great Depression
2. The natural rate of unemployment and inflation in the context of adaptive expectations
i. The problem facing macro theories in the 1970s
ii. Frictional employment in Keynesian and neoclassical theories
iii. Natural rates of employment and unemployment
iv. Short-run versus long-run effects of changes in aggregate demand
v. The link to inflation
vi. Non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment
3. Rational expectations and the New Classical Theory
i. Role of expectations in Friedman and Phelps
ii. The New Classicals build upon this framework
iii. Hyper-rational expectations
iv. Lucas
4. Real Business Cycle Theory
i. Analytical structure of the Real Business Cycle Theory model
ii. Policy implications of the Real Business Cycle Theory
iv. Further considerations on empirical relevance of the Real Business Cycle Theory
5. New Keynesian economics
6. Conventional behavioral economics
V. KALECKI
VI. POST-KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS
1. Introduction
2. Davidson
3. The Kaleckian-Structuralist wing of post-Keynesian theory
i. Godley
ii. Taylor
4. General themes in post-Keynesian theory
i. Wage-led and profit-led growth: Alternate short-run outcomes or successive long-run phases?
ii. Long-run growth limits
iii. Unemployment can be eliminated through appropriate policy